Woppude Hoore Maa
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Yeɓre Aranndeere

Aadiiji e dow ndiyam

Enen fof en mbinndii aadiiji e dow ndiyam: mi ɗaanoto ko yaawi, mi accat cinndel am, mi fuɗɗoroto fuɗɗoode lewru. Kono ñalawma keewɗo golle ina ara, ɗum saaya. E ndee yeɓre en ndokkat aadi ngal seedee, e nokku, e waktu, en maha woowle famɗunde, en ndeenoo nde e «wootere tan». Caggal ɗuum en udditat kaye binnditagol, ngam yi’de ko en mbaɗi tigi rigi.

Feccere Aranndeere

Jeertinoowo Jowiɓo

Ko ngam ɗum aɗa hebbina aadiiji e yimɓe, kono aɗa firtira e hoore maa?

Hedde mintiiji 8 e janngugol

Karim ina jogii duuɓi sappo e jeetati, suka afo bi’oowo «Eey, jaaraama» hade naamnal ngal timmineede. O ɓurii baaba makko toowde e sentimeeteer ɗiɗi jooni, kono haa jooni omo leyɗina daande makko so omo haalda e makko.

Karim ina jogii kumpa e anniya ko ɓuri no o wayi. Omo yiɗi wontude neɗɗo ɓurɗo moƴƴude e hoore makko: ɓurɗo doole e ɓanndu, ɓurɗo janngude defte heewɗe, ɓurɗo hoolnaade e haalde Engele. E fuɗɗoode kala hitaande, o winnda kaye makko o fuɗɗoroo e weltaare tiiɗnde. Caggal ɗuum etooji makko ndeeƴa e nder balɗe seeɗa, walla yontere seeɗa so heewii. O haalantaa hay gooto. Kono kala nde o yi’i kaye hitaande ɓennunde ndee, o heɓa cewgal cemmbe e mette ɗe o woowi. Ko ɗum waɗi o ɓamnoo ceedu fof ina fada yahde suudu almudɓe: nokku keso mo hay gooto anndaa laabi foti ɗi o fuɗɗorinoo.

E timmoode ceedu, sara damal, neene makko fiɓnoo mbalndi nyaamdu e mborosaaji tati ngam woto hay huunde si’de. Baaba makko feewni ɓoggol mboros dow balbe Karim o wiyi: «Woto bonnu waktu». Caggal ɗuum o ƴetti bataake daneejo uddiiɗo e jiiba makko, koyɗo mo nanndaani e bataake kaalis makko, o haɓɓi kooli ɓiyiiko e dow mum: «Uddit nde sokla woodi».

Karim yiɗnoo naamnaade ko woni e nder mum. Kono e nokku ɗuum, o nani hoore makko ina wi’a: «Eey, jaaraama».

Baaba makko haalnoo ko konnguɗi jeegom tan. Karim limii ɗi laabi ɗiɗi e nder oto boowal.

E jemma makko arannde e suudu almudɓe, o heɓi natal ngal miñiiko debbo sukkaano e nder jiiba mboros makko. Hay gooto so wonaa kanko jogoraano muñal ngam daartol makko. Suudu, naange, suka gorko bulo bippoowo junngo, e les mum, e binndol moxlingol: «Rutto e yaawre». O fawii ngal sara fitila ɗo o yiyata ngal, o werlii bataake o e nder drower ɗo o yiyataa ɗum.

Caggal ɗuum o udditi fijirde nde o heewnoo wujjude feccere waktu e jemma to galle: fedde enternet famɗunde, tawtoraaɓe mum ngoni e gure ceertuɗe. Ɓe anndaa yeeso makko, kono firlitande fuɗɗotaako tawa o alaa. O aadii e hoore makko firlitande wootere tan.

Wonaano firlitande wootere tan. E nder jemmaaji rewooɗi heen, o fuɗɗii udditde fijirde nde caggal nde gollodiiɗo makko e suudu ɗaanii. Hay gooto naamnaaki nde o udditta nde. Firlitande rewi e wonnde haa o yi’i annoore ina naata e falannde. O fuɗɗii winndude kala ko ari e hakkille makko e sahaa gooto. Fijooɓo gooto waɗi ferre, Karim winndi konngol muusngol o neldi. O anndaa innde fijooɓo o, tee o meeɗaa miijaade yeeso makko nde o janngata ɓataake o.

Jemma garoowo, o naati e fedde nde woɓɓe e fijooɓe mum anndi innde makko tigi. Fedde ndee foolaama e firlitande hono ndeen aranndeere. O winndi konngol gootol ngol, caggal ɗuum o momti feccere mum. Ɓataake yalti e gollodiiɗo makko: «Hol ko mbinndu-ɗaa?». O acci kurseer ina fettina.

Yontere tati ɓenniri noon: Karim ina wuura e fijirde haa beetee, caggal waktuuji seeɗa, jeertinooji ɗiɗi ngulla e cinndel makko. Aranndewol ngol ina wiyee «Jaŋde waktu jeetato», o ummotoo ngam maggal e yaawre. O ŋakkaani e maggal hay laawol gootol gila janngirɗe puɗɗii. Jannginoowo o ina winnda tawaagal e innde, tee Karim yettotoo mintiiji sappo hade makko. Ɗiɗmawol ngol ina wiyee «Dogdu». O teeltooma ngol gila duuɓi ɗiɗi kono o woppiino ummaade ngam maggal caggal yontere ɗiɗi tan. Kala subaka, o fadda ngol e honndu makko tawa o udditaani gite makko. Gollodiiɗo makko e suudu nana ngol kono haalataa hay huunde.

E laawol makko feewde jaŋde, o udditi doggol biyeteeŋgol «Ndee hitaande» e cinndel makko: dogdu, deftere kala lewru, Engele. E les mum, o winndi: «Caggal jarribooji». Cinndel ngol reeni saangaaji ɗiɗi ɗii fof. Karim reeni gootal tan.

Kala gooto e meeɗen ina jogii jeertinoowo mo o faddata e honndu makko.

Ko sappo e joyi minti hade waktu jowi. Jeertinoowo ina wulla.

A jooɗɗina junngo maa tawa a udditaani gite maa, a nyoƴƴa butoŋ: «Ɗaŋgol».

Mintiiji joy tan.

Ina wulla kadi. Ɗaŋgol. Laawol tataɓol. Laawol nayaɓol.

Laawol jowiɓol ngol, a ummoo. A majjinii ko teeltin-noo-ɗaa jeertinoowo ngam mum: dogdu hade laabi heewde yimɓe, waktu gooto e janngude, walla aadi ndi kaɓɓan-noo-ɗaa hoore maa haŋki.

Jooni noon rutto e kewu nguu e waylo gooto: oo sahaa, neɗɗo ina fadi ma. Jarribo e waktu jeetato, walla sehil e nder woto makko sara damal maa.

Laabi foti nyoƴƴirtaa «Ɗaŋgol»?

Hay laawol gootol.

Jeertinoowo gooto. Leeso ngooto. Tampere wootere. Hol ko waylii?

Hade maa jaabaade, siftor jemma ɓennuɗo. A feewniino ñalawma maa tawa gite maa ina peewi no feewi. Waktu gooto e jaŋde, feccere waktu e yaadu, caggal ɗuum golle ɗe njaawnoo-ɗaa rokkude. A anniyinooma ɗum. E subaka, a ɓurtinii saanga aranndeejo oo, a duñii ko heddii koo haa kikiiɗe. Jooni a udditi dosiye e leerti, a ŋakki e huunde soklunde hisneede, a yaafiima e padɗo ma oo. Duñde ɗum ittaniino ma tampere. Jooni a heppii, a semtii, tee golle ɗee ngonaani e mbaadi ndi mbaawnoo-ɗaa waɗde. Kewu gooto ina waawi heɓaade jaŋngo so tawii ko mbaɗat-ɗaa hannde ko aadi ɓurndi weltaare tawa a accii subaka maa hono no waynoo.

Kala aadi ndi firtu-ɗaa ina janngina ma woto hoolaade garoori ndii e yaawre. Aɗa wi’a: oo laawol ina seerti. Kono a waylaani hay huunde e peewnital maa. Cinndel ina heddii sara maa, paɗe e nder drower, saanga tawa alaa waktu. Caggal ɗuum a haawo ko ngam ɗum a hebbinta aadi maa e sehil maa tawa a accii hoore maa ina fada. Ƴeew ɗum e laaɓal hade ɗaɓɓude daliilu baɗoowo ma a welta: ko aan woni mo ardaani, kadi aan ɓami njoɓdi majjugol oo saanga. Jaɓde ɗum heƴaani ngam safrude ɗum, kono ina haɗa ma yaafnude njaru maggal. Jooni faw saangaaji ɗiɗi ɗii sara e sara. Hol ko saanga sehil maa joginoo ko a rokkanaani saanga maa?

Ko wayli koo wonaano muuyo maa. Ko sarɗiiji ɗii ngoni ko wayli.

Tiindagol maa ina woodi. Ina jogii ballal ummoraade yaasi: neɗɗo annduɗo aadi maa, nokku wallitoowo ma hebbinde ɗum, waktu laaɓɗo.

Sarɗi Aranndeejo: Goɗɗo Ina Yiya Ma

Ceŋol pamarol ngol ina waawi metteede: heewde e neydi meeɗen wonaa nde meeɗen. En ñamii nde.

Ummoraade e jannginoowo winndoowo tawaagal, sehil padɗo e nder woto, ƴeewle ɗe keɓaten so en naatii e leerti.

Oo ko ƴeewoowo yaasi. Doole makko ngoni ko e sifaaji tati:

Kono aadi maa e hoore maa ina jogii njoɓdi ndi njoɓataa caggal ɗuum. Hay gooto yiyataa ɗum. Tee ina udditana yewtere sahaa fof: «Gila e jaŋngo».

Ko ɗum waɗi aadiiji meeɗen e ko’e meeɗen ndeeƴirta e sirri. Wonaa ngam en fenooɓe, kono ngam ɗi ndañiima tawa seedee alaa. Walla ko noon cikkirten.

Gila omo famɗi, Karim ina rewa doosɗe baaba makko e kaye waktuuji neene makko tawa luural alaa. O wi’a «Eey, jaaraama», caggal ɗuum o waɗa ɗum. E jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, o ŋakkataa e jaŋde nde innde makko noddirtee. Kono hay gooto naamnataako mo ko faati e aadiiji makko e hoore makko.

Karim wonaa firo woɗɗungo. E deftere mum The Four Tendencies, binndoowo Gretchen Rubin ina nodda yimɓe nannduɓe e makko «Obligers»: ɓe kebbina ko yimɓe fadi e maɓɓe e newaare kono ina caɗtoroo hebbinde ko ɓe fadi e ko’e maɓɓe1.

E nder wiɗto ngo o waɗi e tawtoraaɓe Ameriknaaɓe, kamɓe ngoni fedde ɓurnde mawnude: 41%. Dente makko ko sifa newiiɗo, lolluɗo, wonaa fiɓnde goonɗinaande. Kono hol mo annditiraani hoore mum e ngoo sifa?

Annduɓe hakkille ina nodda ndee neydi ñamaande «yuɓɓo yaasi»: en ndewa heen ngam goɗɗo ina ƴeeɓa. Ko ŋakki en, ɓe noddata ɗum «yuɓɓo nder»: en ndewa heen ngam gollal ngal wontii feccere e meeɗen, ngam en ngoonɗinii njaru maggal, wonaa ngam kulol nderleewol feloore2. Hol no doosgal wontirta maaɗa tigi? En ngartat e ɗuum e Yeɓre Ɗiɗmere, e feccere 8.

Wonde tawa seedee alaa ina waawi waɗde ko ɓuri ɓeydude doole aadiiji meeɗen famɗude. Ina waawi kadi waylude konnguɗi meeɗen. John Suler yewtii hol no yimɓe mbaawirta ustude kersa e enternet so tawi kumpa maɓɓe ina suuɗii walla yeeso maɓɓe yiyataake. Ɗuum ina waawi addude damal udditaade e wallude woɓɓe, walla konnguɗi muusɗi. Wonaa kala ko en kaalata ɗoon ina hollira neɗɗo meeɗen goonga3. E nder ƴeewndooji keertiiɗi, janfagol ɓeydiima e nder annoore famɗunde, kadi jikkuuji njiɗɓe ko’e mum en ɓeydiima nde tawtoraaɓe ɓornii daneeji gite. Ko cakkitiingol ngol seŋiima e miijo maɓɓe wonde ɓe cuuɗiima4. Ko adii ɗuum ko ɓooyi, Glaucon, e nder yeewtere Plato, huutoriima Feggere Gyges, nde waɗata ɓornoowo ɗum yiyataake, ngam naamnaade hol no njokkorterten so hay gooto yiyataa en. Ɗuum ko miijo ƴeewndorde, wonaa wiɗto5.

E nder fijirde caggal «Hol ko mbinndu-ɗaa?», fijooɓo waɗi ferre. Karim winndi jaabawol muusngol, caggal ɗuum o darii. Gollodiiɗo makko ardiima o winndi e fijooɓo o: «Waɗ firlitande nde kadi. En mbaɗat jarribo goɗɗo». Karim momti jaabawol mum o waɗani hoore mum doosgal daɓɓal: Mi winndat e jano hono no mbinndiray-mi e neɗɗo annduɗo innde am.

Sarɗi Ɗiɗmawo: Wonde e Nokku Peewɗo

To galle Karim, cinndel ngol sarjetee ko e defirde, e waktu sappo neene makko naamnotoo: «A yahataa leeso?». E nder suudu almudɓe, waktu sappo ari tawa omo woni e kafe e almudɓe woɓɓe. Hay gooto ummaaki.

«Feccere waktu kadi», o wi’i hoore makko. O ruttii e waktu gooto jemma, o tampi, o nyoƴƴi «Ɗaŋgol» laabi joy e subaka.

Woowle wuurataa e meeɗen tan. Ina wuura e nokku o kadi: suudu nduu, fitila nyiffaaɗo, cinndel woɗɗungo leeso, naamnal neene. E nder wiɗto ndewiingo e almudɓe egguɓe feewde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde hesere, woowlaaji kiiɗɗi keddinooma nde nokku maɓɓe nanndunoo e ko ɓe ngoownoo, ɗi cantiima nde nokkuuji ɗii mbaylii6.

Yaasi galle, huunde wonnde ina ƴeeɓa en: gite yimɓe. Kono hol no heewi e maɓɓe teskotoo en tigi?

E nder ƴeewndo jalniingo, almudɓe ɓornii simis semtinɗo naati e suudu e wondiiɓe maɓɓe7. Ɓe tijjinooma hedde feccere yimɓe ɓee nji’ii simis o. E goonga, ko nayaɓal tan teskinoo.

En mawnina no yimɓe ƴeeɓirta en. Kulol ƴeewngo ngo arirootaako hay laawol ina waawi heƴde ngam waɗde en nduñoo geɗe. Seedee mo cuɓii-ɗaa ina walla ma. Gite ɗe cikki-ɗaa ina kaɗa ma.

Neɗɗo gowloowo kafe e waktu sappo ƴettiino pellital hade makko yaltude: nde o ummotoo, e ko o haalata. Sokla alaa e waylude yewtere e kala taabal.

Sarɗi Tataɓo: Kaaɗdi Waktu Ɓaditiingol

Karim rokkii golle makko jaŋde minti gooto hade jemma hakkundeewal. Caggal ɗuum o yi’i dogdu e doggol «Ndee hitaande», tawa alaa ñalawma walla waktu, o udditi ngol.

Hol ko woni caɗeele ɗee, so tawnoo kala huunde gasiima e timmoode?

Arannde, tesko ko waɗi mo timminde: kaaɗdi waktu. Tawa jemma hakkundeewal alaa, golle ɗee ngasinooka. Kaaɗdi waktu ko sifa goɗɗo e seedee. Alaa yeeso, kono yewtotaako. Ko ɗum waɗi aɗa timmina geɗe ngam woɓɓe ɗe a timmintaako ngam hoore maa. Aadi maa e hoore maa alaa jemma hakkundeewal.

E nder wiɗto ndewiingo e almudɓe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde e nder mudda jaŋde, dagginooɓe ɓuri daɗde e suno e fuɗɗoode. Kono e timmoode, ɓe ɓeydii suno e nyaw ko ɓuri woɓɓe ɓee, kadi toɓɓe maɓɓe ɓuri famɗude8.

Golle ɗe nduñ-ɗaa majjataa. Ina keddoo udditaade e hakkille maa, ina fiya ma ñalawma fof. Wiɗtooɓe keɓii wonde paandaale ɗe ngasaani ina naata e miijooji maa nde aɗa waɗa huunde wonnde, tee peewnital laaɓngal, hollitoowal nde e ɗo, ina heƴi ngam deeyinde ɗe9.

So A Woppii Goonɗinde Hoore Maa

Aadi firtaandi yaltataa tan. Ina ƴetta feccere e koolol maa e konngol maa kadi.

Laawol sappoɓol, aɗa wi’a: «Mi fuɗɗotoo ko Asat». E nder maa woodi daande anndunde batte ɗee hade Asat arde, ngam nde nani ma aɗa haala ɗuum laabi jeenay ko adii ɗuum.

Ganndo hakkille Albert Bandura noddi ngool hoolaare «mbaawka hoore»: goonɗinal maa wonde aɗa waawi waɗde ko anniyir-ɗaa waɗde10. O hiisii ɓurɗo tiiɗde e ɓulorde maggal wonaa konnguɗi semmbindirgol walla daartol dañɓe moƴƴere, kono ko keɓe maa tigi: saangaaji ɗi mbi’noo-ɗaa «Mi waɗat», caggal ɗuum mbaɗ-ɗaa.

Ko ɗum waɗi en puɗɗortoo aadi gootol pamarol. Reende ndi ina walla ma goonɗinde hoore maa kadi.

Kawtal e Hoore Maa

Heewde e aadiiji meeɗen ko anniyaaji udditiiɗi: «Mi dogat». «Mi janngat». «Mi ɗaanoto ko yaawi». E anniya udditiiɗo, aɗa foti suɓaade e kesum kala ñalawma, kala ɗo ngon-ɗaa, kala caɗeele ɗe pot-ɗaa e majji.

Hol ko woni lomto maggal? Tiiɗtin pellital laawol gootol, hade maa soklude ngal. Annduɓe hakkille ina nodda ɗuum «anniya gollal»: konngol «So tawii… ndelle…» fiɓoowol gollal e waktu e nokku11.

E nder ƴeewndo ngootol, almudɓe naamnaama yo mbinndu ciimtol e nder balɗe ɗiɗi e nder sahaa fooftorde. Hedde tataɓe ɗiɗi e ɓeen cuɓinooɓe ko adii ɗuum nde e ɗo mbinndata ngol ngasi, tawa e ɓeen ɓe cuɓaaki ko hedde tataɓal tan timmini12.

Karim udditi kaye o kadi, o heblani subaka Alet ngam dogdu, janngugol, e Engele. O ɓami feccere waktu ina fawa kaye o e nooneeji ceertuɗi. Sara damal, gollodiiɗo makko naamnii: «Aɗa waɗa ɗuum fof hade jaŋde?». «Mi etoto», o wi’i. O ƴeewi paɗe makko e les drower o acci ɗe ɗoon. Alet ina wonnoo e seŋo, kono waktu suɓaaka. Ɓe nanondiraani e hay huunde nde gollodiiɗo makko naamnotoo mo heen. Nde jeertinoowo jaŋde wulli subaka garoowo, Karim ummii e yaawre. Nde o udditi cinndel makko, o yi’i kaye nooneejo o kono o udditaani ɗum.

Nde kuutortoo-ɗaa ɗum: Nde kebbintaa aadiiji maa e woɓɓe tawa a accii aadi maa e hoore maa ina udditii. Sahaa kuutoragol: Mintiiji joy ngam heblude aadi gootol tan, caggal ɗuum yontere ngam ƴeewde ɗum.

  1. Waɗ ɗum saanga laaɓɗo: Ñalawma, waktu, e nokku. «Alet, waktu jeegom subaka, ngesa». Walla mintiiji sappo e dille sara leeso so tawii yaltude yaasi fotaani e maa. So suka pamaro walla golle saangaaji mbaɗii waktu maa wonaa maaɗa, suɓo saanga ɓurɗo famɗude garoowo sahaa fof: mintiiji joy caggal nde suka ɗaanii, walla e nder fooftorde golle maa.
  2. Heblan feere ngam wonde woɗɗude galle: «So tawii sehilaaɓe am keddiima e kafe caggal waktu sappo, mi ummotoo mi wi’a: Miɗo jogii saanga e subaka».
  3. Rokku ɗum seedee: Sehil annduɗo saanga o kadi naamnotooɗo ma heen. So a heɓaani, huutoro kaayitafee feeñɗo ɗo yiyatee maanto-ɗaa heen kala ñalawma.
  4. Fuɗɗoro e famɗude, e mintiiji aranndiiji saanga o: Kala ko ngasnoo-ɗaa ko yaawi, hay e nder mintiiji ɗiɗi, heddotaako ina udditii e hakkille maa.

So yaɓɓanɗe ɗee njiyaama ina keewi, fuɗɗoro e wootere jooni. Neldal sehil oo ɓataake: «Gila e Alet, mi dogat e waktu jeegom. Naamno mi kala Alet: a dogii?».

So a yanii: Woto hiiso yontere ndee fof ko bonnde. Winndu saanga ɓurtuɗo oo hono no waɗiri, ndaartu sarɗi ŋakkuɗo: seedee, nokku, walla waktu? Feewnu ɗum, rutto e saanga garoowo.

Karim neldi gollodiiɗo mum ɓataake: «Alet. Jeegom. Ngesa. Naamno mi: a dogii?». E jemma Aset, o fawi paɗe makko sara damal o inndiri jeertinoowo o innde saanga o. Alet arannde, o yalti o ruttii hade gollodiiɗo makko finnde. O acci maande famɗunde e dow kaayitafee mo o heblannoo dogdu.

Alet ɗiɗmawo, o wuuri e fijirde haa waktu tati jemma. Nde jeertinoowo wulli, o nyoƴƴi ɗaŋgol o heddii e leeso. Kikiiɗe ndeen, nde gollodiiɗo makko heblata njaram ndiyam, o naamnii: «A dogii?». «Alaa», Karim wi’i. Gollodiiɗo makko haalaani hay huunde. Noppi Karim nguli. O meemi kaayitafee ngam fawde maande, caggal ɗuum o winndi sifir (0). O ruttii e diidol «So a yanii». Waktu ŋakkaano, neɗɗo naamnotooɗo kadi ŋakkaano. Paɗe makko majjinooma e les mboros comci. O yaltini ɗe, o fawi cinndel dow taabal woɗɗude leeso, o felliti uddude fijirde nde ko yaawi e jemma hade dogdu.

Alet tataɓo, o ummii ngam nyiffude jeertinoowo, koyngal makko ardiima fawi e dow fado. Nde o ruttii, o haalani gollodiiɗo makko: «Mi soklaano aadi keso. Mi heblaniima saanga am». O ɓili kaayitafee dow mahol e dow taabal: maande, sifir, caggal ɗuum maande wonnde.

Daawruɗe Ɗiɗi

Naamne ɗiɗi tan, alaa doggol:

  1. Hol aadi ndi a meeɗaa firtude e yimɓe woɓɓe, e hol aadi maa e hoore maa ndi ɓur-ɗaa firtude laabi heewɗi? Faw ɗi sara e sara. Hol sarɗi mo aranndeere ndee jogii tawa ɗiɗmere ndee alaa ɗum?
  2. Caggal yontere jogiinde waktu laaɓɗo e seedee, mbele aadi ɗiɗmawo ngal tiiɗiima? So tawii ngal yanii, hol sarɗi ŋakki oo sahaa?

E jemma hade ñalawma aranndeejo lewru, Lina udditi kaye «Keeftine» e cinndel mum o winndi tiitoonde hesere: «Keeftinɗo Balɗe Capanɗe Tati». O naatni ñalngu e nder suudu aranndeeru, hono no o waɗnoo e lewruuji ɓennuɗi.

Tuugnorɗe (12)
  1. 1Rubin, G. (2017). The Four Tendencies. Harmony Books.
  2. 2Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting in two domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 749–761.
  3. 3Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
  4. 4Zhong, C.-B., Bohns, V. K., & Gino, F. (2010). Good lamps are the best police: Darkness increases dishonesty and self-interested behavior. Psychological Science, 21(3), 311–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360754
  5. 5Plato. Republic, Book II, 359c–360d. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. https://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.3.ii.html
  6. 6Wood, W., Tam, L., & Guerrero Witt, M. (2005). Changing circumstances, disrupting habits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 918–933.
  7. 7Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (2000). The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's own actions and appearance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 211–222.
  8. 8Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science, 8(6), 454–458.
  9. 9Masicampo, E. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2011). Consider it done! Plan making can eliminate the cognitive effects of unfulfilled goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 667–683.
  10. 10Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
  11. 11Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493–503.
  12. 12Gollwitzer, P. M., & Brandstätter, V. (1997). Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 186–199.